Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP Address. The IP stands for Internet Protocol, which is the language that computers use to communicate over the Internet. A protocol is the pre-defined way that someone who wants to use a service talks with that service. The "someone" could be a person, but more often it is a computer program like a Web browser.
A typical IP address looks like this:
216.27.61.137
To make it easier for us humans to remember, IP addresses are normally expressed in decimal format as a dotted decimal number like the one above. But computers communicate in binary form. Look at the same IP address in binary:
11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001
The four numbers in an IP address are called octets, because they each have eight positions when viewed in binary form. If you add all the positions together, you get 32, which is why IP addresses are considered 32-bit numbers. Since each of the eight positions can have two different states (1 or zero), the total number of possible combinations per octet is 28 or 256. So each octet can contain any value between zero and 255. Combine the four octets and you get 232 or a possible 4,294,967,296 unique values!
Out of the almost 4.3 billion possible combinations, certain values are restricted from use as typical IP addresses. For example, the IP address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the default network and the address 255.255.255.255 is used for broadcasts.
The octets serve a purpose other than simply separating the numbers. They are used to create classes of IP addresses that can be assigned to a particular business, government or other entity based on size and need. The octets are split into two sections: Net and Host. The Net section always contains the first octet. It is used to identify the network that a computer belongs to. Host (sometimes referred to as Node) identifies the actual computer on the network. The Host section always contains the last octet. There are five IP classes plus certain special addresses.
Internet Protocol: Domain Name System
When the Internet was in its infancy, it consisted of a small number of computers hooked together with modems and telephone lines. You could only make connections by providing the IP address of the computer you wanted to establish a link with. For example, a typical IP address might be 216.27.22.162. This was fine when there were only a few hosts out there, but it became unwieldy as more and more systems came online.
The first solution to the problem was a simple text file maintained by the Network Information Center that mapped names to IP addresses. Soon this text file became so large it was too cumbersome to manage. In 1983, the University of Wisconsin created the Domain Name System (DNS), which maps text names to IP addresses automatically
More information will be given in few days so please stay tune
Chemical equilibrium applies to reactions that can occur in both directions. In a reaction such as:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) <--> CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The reaction can happen both ways. So after some of the products are created the products begin to react to form the reactants. At the beginning of the reaction, the rate that the reactants are changing into the products is higher than the rate that the products are changing into the reactants. Therefore, the net change is a higher number of products.
Even though the reactants are constantly forming products and vice-versa the amount of reactants and products does become steady. When the net change of the products and reactants is zero the reaction has reached equilibrium. The equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium. The definition for a dynamic equilibrium is when the amount of products and reactants are constant. (They are not equal but constant. Also, both reactions are still occurring.)
Equilibrium Constant
To determine the amount of each compound that will be present at equilibrium you must know the equilibrium constant. To determine the equilibrium constant you must consider the generic equation:
aA + bB <--> cC + dD
The upper case letters are the molar concentrations of the reactants and products. The lower case letters are the coefficients that balance the equation. Use the following equation to determine the equilibrium constant (Kc).
For example, determining the equilibrium constant of the following equation can be accomplished by using the Kc equation.
Using the following equation, calculate the equilibrium constant.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) <--> 2NH3(g)
A one-liter vessel contains 1.60 moles NH3, .800 moles N2, and 1.20 moles of H2. What is the equilibrium constant?
Answer: 1.85
Le Chatelier's Principle
Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system in chemical equilibrium is disturbed by a change of temperature, pressure, or a concentration, the system shifts in equilibrium composition in a way that tends to counteract this change of variable. The three ways that Le Chatelier's principle says you can affect the outcome of the equilibrium are as follows:
Changing concentrations by adding or removing products or reactants to the reaction vessel.
Changing partial pressure of gaseous reactants and products.
Changing the temperature.
These actions change each equilibrium differently, therefore you must determine what needs to happen for the reaction to get back in equilibrium.
Example involving change of concentration:
In the equation
2NO(g) + O2(g) <--> 2NO2(g)
If you add more NO(g) the equilibrium shifts to the right producing more NO2(g)
If you add more O2(g) the equilibrium shifts to the right producing more NO2(g)
If you add more NO2(g) the equilibrium shifts to the left producing more NO(g) and O2(g)
Example involving pressure change:
In the equation
2SO2(g) + O2(g) <--> 2SO3(g),
an increase in pressure will cause the reaction to shift in the direction that reduces pressure, that is the side with the fewer number of gas molecules. Therefore an increase in pressure will cause a shift to the right, producing more product. (A decrease in volume is one way of increasing pressure.)
Example involving temperature change:
In the equation
N2(g) + 3H2(g) <--> 2NH3 + 91.8 kJ,
an increase in temperature will cause a shift to the left because the reverse reaction uses the excess heat. An increase in forward reaction would produce even more heat since the forward reaction is exothermic. Therefore the shift caused by a change in temperature depends upon whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
The increasingly large number of organic compounds identified with each passing day, together with the fact that many of these compounds are isomers of other compounds, requires that a systematic nomenclature system be developed. Just as each distinct compound has a unique molecular structure which can be designated by a structural formula, each compound must be given a characteristic and unique name.
As organic chemistry grew and developed, many compounds were given trivial names, which are now commonly used and recognized. Some examples are:
Name
Methane
Butane
Acetone
Toluene
Acetylene
Ethyl Alcohol
Formula
CH4
C4H10
CH3COCH3
CH3C6H5
C2H2
C2H5OH
Such common names often have their origin in the history of the science and the natural sources of specific compounds, but the relationship of these names to each other is arbitrary, and no rational or systematic principles underly their assignments.
The IUPAC Systematic Approach to Nomenclature
A rational nomenclature system should do at least two things. First, it should indicate how the carbon atoms of a given compound are bonded together in a characteristic lattice of chains and rings. Second, it should identify and locate any functional groups present in the compound. Since hydrogen is such a common component of organic compounds, its amount and locations can be assumed from the tetravalency of carbon, and need not be specified in most cases.
The IUPAC nomenclature system is a set of logical rules devised and used by organic chemists to circumvent problems caused by arbitrary nomenclature. Knowing these rules and given a structural formula, one should be able to write a unique name for every distinct compound. Likewise, given a IUPAC name, one should be able to write a structural formula. In general, an IUPAC name will have three essential features: • A root or base indicating a major chain or ring of carbon atoms found in the molecular structure. • A suffix or other element(s) designating functional groups that may be present in the compound. • Names of substituent groups, other than hydrogen, that complete the molecular structure. As an introduction to the IUPAC nomenclature system, we shall first consider compounds that have no specific functional groups. Such compounds are composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together by sigma bonds (all carbons are sp3 hybridized). An excellent presentation of organic nomenclature is provided on a Nomenclature Page. created by Dave Woodcock.
Alkanes
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons having no double or triple bond functional groups are classified as alkanes or cycloalkanes, depending on whether the carbon atoms of the molecule are arranged only in chains or also in rings. Although these hydrocarbons have no functional groups, they constitute the framework on which functional groups are located in other classes of compounds, and provide an ideal starting point for studying and naming organic compounds. The alkanes and cycloalkanes are also members of a larger class of compounds referred to as aliphatic. Simply put, aliphatic compounds are compounds that do not incorporate any aromatic rings in their molecular structure.
The following table lists the IUPAC names assigned to simple continuous-chain alkanes from C-1 to C-10. A common "ane" suffix identifies these compounds as alkanes. Longer chain alkanes are well known, and their names may be found in many reference and text books. The names methane through decane should be memorized, since they constitute the root of many IUPAC names. Fortunately, common numerical prefixes are used in naming chains of five or more carbon atoms.
Examples of Simple Unbranched Alkanes
Name
Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Isomers
Name
Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Isomers
methane
CH4
CH4
1
hexane
C6H14
CH3(CH2)4CH3
5
ethane
C2H6
CH3CH3
1
heptane
C7H16
CH3(CH2)5CH3
9
propane
C3H8
CH3CH2CH3
1
octane
C8H18
CH3(CH2)6CH3
18
butane
C4H10
CH3CH2CH2CH3
2
nonane
C9H20
CH3(CH2)7CH3
35
pentane
C5H12
CH3(CH2)3CH3
3
decane
C10H22
CH3(CH2)8CH3
75
Some important behavior trends and terminologies: (i) The formulas and structures of these alkanes increase uniformly by a CH2 increment. (ii) A uniform variation of this kind in a series of compounds is called homologous. (iii) These formulas all fit the CnH2n+2 rule. This is also the highest possible H/C ratio for a stable hydrocarbon. (iv) Since the H/C ratio in these compounds is at a maximum, we call them saturated (with hydrogen). Beginning with butane (C4H10), and becoming more numerous with larger alkanes, we note the existence of alkane isomers. For example, there are five C6H14 isomers, shown below as abbreviated line formulas (A through E):
Although these distinct compounds all have the same molecular formula, only one (A) can be called hexane. How then are we to name the others?
The IUPAC system requires first that we have names for simple unbranched chains, as noted above, and second that we have names for simple alkyl groups that may be attached to the chains. Examples of some common alkyl groups are given in the following table. Note that the "ane" suffix is replaced by "yl" in naming groups. The symbol R is used to designate a generic (unspecified) alkyl group.
Group
CH3–
C2H5–
CH3CH2CH2–
(CH3)2CH–
CH3CH2CH2CH2–
(CH3)2CHCH2–
CH3CH2CH(CH3)–
(CH3)3C–
R–
Name
Methyl
Ethyl
Propyl
Isopropyl
Butyl
Isobutyl
sec-Butyl
tert-Butyl
Alkyl
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain. 2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain. 3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent group. 4. Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name. 5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order.
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.
For the above isomers of hexane the IUPAC names are: B2-methylpentaneC3-methylpentaneD2,2-dimethylbutaneE2,3-dimethylbutane
Halogen substituents are easily accommodated, using the names: fluoro (F-), chloro (Cl-), bromo (Br-) and iodo (I-). For example, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br would be named 1-bromo-3-methylbutane. If the halogen is bonded to a simple alkyl group an alternative "alkyl halide" name may be used. Thus, C2H5Cl may be named chloroethane (no locator number is needed for a two carbon chain) or ethyl chloride.
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes have one or more rings of carbon atoms. The simplest examples of this class consist of a single, unsubstituted carbon ring, and these form a homologous series similar to the unbranched alkanes. The IUPAC names of the first five members of this series are given in the following table. The last (yellow shaded) column gives the general formula for a cycloalkane of any size. If a simple unbranched alkane is converted to a cycloalkane two hydrogen atoms, one from each end of the chain, must be lost. Hence the general formula for a cycloalkane composed of n carbons is CnH2n. Although a cycloalkane has two fewer hydrogens than the equivalent alkane, each carbon is bonded to four other atoms so such compounds are still considered to be saturated with hydrogen.
Examples of Simple Cycloalkanes
Name
Cyclopropane
Cyclobutane
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Cycloheptane
Cycloalkane
Molecular
Formula
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
CnH2n
Structural
Formula
(CH2)n
Line
Formula
Substituted cycloalkanes are named in a fashion very similar to that used for naming branched alkanes. The chief difference in the rules and procedures occurs in the numbering system. Since all the carbons of a ring are equivalent (a ring has no ends like a chain does), the numbering starts at a substituted ring atom.
IUPAC Rules for Cycloalkane Nomenclature
1. For a monosubstituted cycloalkane the ring supplies the root name (table above) and the substituent group is named as usual. A location number is unnecessary. 2. If the alkyl substituent is large and/or complex, the ring may be named as a substituent group on an alkane. 3. If two different substituents are present on the ring, they are listed in alphabetical order, and the first cited substituent is assigned to carbon #1. The numbering of ring carbons then continues in a direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) that affords the second substituent the lower possible location number. 4. If several substituents are present on the ring, they are listed in alphabetical order. Location numbers are assigned to the substituents so that one of them is at carbon #1 and the other locations have the lowest possible numbers, counting in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. 5. The name is assembled, listing groups in alphabetical order and giving each group (if there are two or more) a location number. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.
For examples of how these rules are used in naming substituted cycloalkanes .
Small rings, such as three and four membered rings, have significant angle strain resulting from the distortion of the sp3 carbon bond angles from the ideal 109.5º to 60º and 90º respectively. This angle strain often enhances the chemical reactivity of such compounds, leading to ring cleavage products. It is also important to recognize that, with the exception of cyclopropane, cycloalkyl rings are not planar (flat). The three dimensional shapes assumed by the common rings (especially cyclohexane and larger rings) are described and discussed in the Conformational Analysis Section. Hydrocarbons having more than one ring are common, and are referred to as bicyclic (two rings), tricyclic (three rings) and in general, polycyclic compounds. The molecular formulas of such compounds have H/C ratios that decrease with the number of rings. In general, for a hydrocarbon composed of n carbon atoms associated with m rings the formula is: CnH(2n + 2 - 2m). The structural relationship of rings in a polycyclic compound can vary. They may be separate and independent, or they may share one or two common atoms. Some examples of these possible arrangements are shown in the following table.
To understand Mother's Day and what it really means, you need to understand the person in your life called 'Mother'. Mother is one who nurtures you in her womb for nine months and brings you forth to enjoy the supreme blessing on earth, that is, Life. Mother is one who guides you through your infancy and turns the soft, helpless creature to the powerful and successful YOU. She is the guardian angel protecting you and supporting you, feeling for you and serving you silently always with a smile on her face. She prides herself watching you grow and provides you a shoulder to cry on whenever you need. She is every child's best friend.
For a child, every single day should be a Mothers Day. The essence of the meaning of Mother's Day is in the fact that we should try and make this day every year a memorable one for your mother. She should cherish the special feeling of this day and the intensity of that feeling should last her the lifetime.
This is the day to stop, remember, and pray for that special person in our life, without whom we would not have been, what we are today; a day to prove that all her efforts, towards making us a complete person, have been worthwhile and make her feel proud for us. In the broader sense of the term, Mother's Day is a day to be grateful to God for being so kind as to bless us with an angel in the form of Mother.
I LOVE MY PARENTS VERY MUCH WE SHOULD MAKE OUR PARENTS EVEN MORE HAPPIER
On the night before the battle it had rained heavily and both the French and Allied armies had spent the night in the mud and the pouring rain. The troops of Wellington occupied the northern part of the plains of Mont-Saint-Jean and were situated behind a sunken lane, which later proved to be a strategic advantage for the Duke, because the French infantry and cavalry kept fallen inside this sunken land and thereby hindering each other to move further north.
The battlefield was situated around three large farmhouses . On the far left was the HOUGOUMONT house ( see picture on the right ), in the middle the HAIE SAINTE farm and at the extreme right was the PAPELLOTTE farm. The French offensive started at 12 0'clock at Hougoumont farm. It was never taken. It was garrisoned by British trops from before the battle began and was held at the time of the victory. Later during the day heavy fights took place around the farms of Haie Sainte and Papellote. La Haie Sainte was taken in late afternoon but for only a short period, because the French for most of the day poured their resources into trying to take Hougoumont.
By the late afternoon the chances for both armies were still fifty-fifty. But, around that time the Blücher's troops started to arrive coming from Wavre to assist the army of Wellington. By then, the French army was surrounded by the two forces and could no longer withstand the joint attacks of allied troops. By the beginning of the evening Napoleon had to withdraw his troops from the battlefield and start the escape back to France. Later, Blücher and Wellington met each other near the BELLE ALLIANCE farmhouse and congratulated each other with the final victory over Napoleon.
On the 18th of June 191.300 soldiers fought one of the most decisive battles in the history of Europe in only one day. The Wellington army had 67.000 soldiers, Blücher's army 52.300 and Napoleon's army 72.000. A total of 48.500 men fell or were severely wounded.
After the battle, the territory of the battlefield was given to the Wellington family by the newly formed state of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Later several monuments were erected in commemoration of the different army divisions who fought the battle of Waterloo.
The French power in India reached its peak during the governorship of Dupleix (1742-54). But during the closing years of his term itself (1753-54), they began to lose their ground to the English, and in the early 1760's they completely lost their position to the English in India, including Andhra. This Anglo-French rivalry and the rise and fall of the French in India (including Andhra) can.be best seen in three Carnatic wars fought essentially between the French and the English between 1745 and 1763. From the Indian side the Nawabs of the Carnatic state (with Arcot in Tamilnadu as its capital) and the Nizams of Hyderabad state (who were the nominal overlords of the Carnatic Nawabs) were closely involved in these wars.
First Carnatic War (1745-48)
Broke out as a consequence of war of Austrian succession in Europe where the English and the French took opposite sides.
It began in 1745 when the French ships were captured by the English navy. But the French under the leadership of Dupleix retaliated by capturing Madras.
The English in turn appealed to the then Carnatic Nawab, Anwaruddin, to save them from the French. But despite Anwaruddin's intervention, the French refused to release Madras.
The resulting battle at St. Thome between the French forces and those of the Nawab (whose ratio was 1:10) ended in a severe defeat to the Nawab, in the process exposing the weakness of traditional Indian armies against the European trained ones.
Finally, the end of Austrian Succession war in Europe brought the first Carnatic war also to an end in 1748.
Consequences : Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which provided for returning each others places. Madras was therefore, restored to the English by the French.
Second Carnatic War (1749-54)
The Anglo-French rivalry was soon revived when problems of succession arose in the Hyderabad as well as the Carnatic states, with the two European rivals taking up the cause of opposing candidates in both the states. The French, on the one hand, gave their support to Muzaffar Jung in Hyderabad, and Chanda Sahib in Carnatic. The English, on the other hand, lent their support, to Nasir Jang in Hyderabad and Anwaruddin (later to his son, Muhhammed Ali) in Carnatic.
The French succeeded in both states in defeating and murdering their opponents (Nasir Jang in Hyderabad and Anwaruddin in Carnatic) and placing their supporters (Muzaffar Jang in Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib in Carnatic) on the thrones in 1750. In return for the French help, Muzaffar Jang gave Masulipatnam and Divi area in Krishna district and Yanam in East Godavari district to the French. He also accepted the stationing of a French army at Hyderabad under the command of General Bussy. But Muzaffar himself was unfortunately murdered by the Nawabs of Kurnool and Cuddapah in 1751, and hence General Bussy made Salabat Jung (one of the sons of Nizam-ul-Mulk, the founder of Hyderabad state) the new Nizam. Salabat in his turn granted to the French the four Northern circars of Kondave,edu (Kondapalli) Eluru, Rajahmundry and Chicacole in 1752. Thus, the French were the first Europeans to obtain political power in Andhra. But the actual occupation of the four Northern Circars by the French was not a smooth affair. Though Bussy appointed Vijayarama raju of Vizianagaram as the manager of Chicacole circar, and other circars were to be occupied by Mr. Moracin (Chief of French Factory at Masulipatnam ) they had to contend with the troubles caused by the Jafar Ali (Nizam's Faujdar) who not only personally raided some of these areas but also incited the Marathas of Nagpur to do the same. Infact, General Bussy had to come personally to these areas and establish law and order there. It was also during this time (1752-53) that Vijayaramaraju drew Bussy into private feud with Bobbili in which Vijayaramaraju was murdered. This incident has been immortalised in the famous "Ballad of Bobbili" (Bobbili Katha).
In the meanwhile, the French started facing rough weather on the Carnatic front. The trend of the second Carnatic War was, in fact, reversed with the capture of Arcot by the English under Robert Clive in 1751, and the French began to suffer successive defeats at the hands of the English thereafter. Chanda Sahib was captured and executed in 1752 by a general of Tanjore, who was an ally of the British during this war. The English promptly placed Muhammed Ali (son of Anwaruddin) on the throne of the Carnatic state.
Dupleix, who was still the French governor in India, made several efforts between 1753 and 54 to reverse the trend, but in vain. And his recall by the French Government in 1754 and appointment of Count de Lally (Who proved to be rash and immature) in his place particularly sealed the fate of the French in India in general and in the Carnatic in particular.
Consequences : Treaty of Pondicherry signed by the French and the English, acknowledged Muhammed Ali as the Nawab of Carnatic. Still the French (through their representative, General Bussy) retained their position of being the protectors of the Nizam of Hyderabad and of being the rulers of the four Northern circars in Andhra.
Third Carnatic War (1758-63)
In the background of the Seven years war in Europe (1756-62), wherein the English and the French were on the opposite sides caused the third Carnatic War. It was sparked off by 'the capture of Chandernagore (French settlement in Bengal) by The English under Clive and Watson.
The battle that sealed the fate of the French in Andhra was the famous "Battle of Chandurthi" (7th December, 1758). In this battle, the combined forces of the Raja of Vizianagaram (Anandaraju, who had succeeded Vijayaramaraju, switched his support from the French to the English because of a personal grouse against the French) and the English under Colonel Forde routed the French army at Chandurthi near Rajahmundry. The English later stormed the French fort at Masuiipatnam and captured it (April 1,759).
The above French setbacks on land were immediately followed by a naval disaster in the Bay of Bengal. The French fleet under Admiral d'Ache was severely defeated by the English navy under Admiral Pocock in three successive naval battles in 1759.
Nizam Salabat Jang, seeing the changed circumstances, asked the French to leave Hyderabad and conferred on the English the Masuiipatnam region and the districts of Nizampatnam, Kondapalli and Wakalmannar. Besides, the English came to replace the French as the Nizam's protectors from now onwards.
Consequences : And whatever bleak hopes that the French had of retrieving their position in India were finally but firmly dashed off by the defeat of the French army under Count de Lally by the English forces under General Eyre Coot in the Battle of Wandiwash (Jan, 1760). This was soon followed by the surrender of Pondicherry and loss of all other French settlements in India to the English. Though peace was finally concluded by the Treaty of Paris and all important French settlements were restored back in 1763, the French could henceforth live only under English protection and not as rivals.
Thus the French, though were first Europeans to acquire political power in Andhra, could retain it only for a short time (1750-58) and consequently their rule in the four Northern circars also lasted for a very short while (1752-58).
1. GET YOUR BASICS RIGHT
It has been said time and again, but keeping all your examination material ready a day before the examination is very important part of your success at SSC exams. Create a checklist of all the things you need to carry such as hall tickets, pens, pencils, writing pads, and other instruments, and make
sure you carry them. All your basic information such as your name, seat number, etc. should be filled in neatly on your answers booklets. Make sure you get these basics right.
2. START WITH YOUR BEST
“First impression is the last impression” and the same is true for your SSC answer paper also. If the examiner gets a good first impression of you, it can only work in your favour. Therefore, the first answer that you write, take extra precaution to make sure there are no careless mistakes, cancellations or any turn-offs that will create a bad impression. Also, attempting questions in order is preferable but not necessary.
You can start with the answer that you know best if you are not so confident.
3. LEVERAGE THE EXAMINER’S INERTIA
The examiner is only human and if he/she feels that you know your subject matter perfectly, then he/she may automatically tend to overlook some minor mistakes you make later in the paper. Thus many top ranking SSC students choose to answer the questions they are most confident about first. If the examiner is ticking your earlier questions, chances are he will keep ticking. You don’t want the examiner to keep crossing your answers. Thus write your best answers first and your not so perfect answers last. This can be a useful strategy especially for your subjective SSC papers such as English, Hindi, Marathi and History-Civics.
4. PRESENT YOUR PAPER WELL
Examiners cannot deduct marks if a student has not underlined important terms and not written neatly. However if you present your paper well, it makes it easier of the examiner to award you marks. Few students waste time in decorating their paper with sketch pens etc. This too is not needed. The trick is to give the examiner the confidence that you know what you are writing.
5. PAY ATTENTION TO SUBJECT SPECIFIC DETAILS
In all Maths and Science papers, writing the proper units is one of the most important things. Presentation of the solution of any sum of Algebra should be done systematically with proper statements, formula wherever applicable and complete step by step solving. Scale is important while drawing a graph. Highlighting the final answer is compulsory in any sum of Algebra. For objective type question, rewrite the complete statements with underlined answer. A balanced chemical equation with proper explanation is required. In ray diagrams, circuit diagram arrows are important. For questions like give reasons, short answers, distinguish-properties and uses, the number of points should be as per the marks allotted for the specific answer.
6. WRITE GOOD CRISP ANSWERS
In subjective papers, examiners have to read a lot of text. Many answer sheets contain long blocks of text which are very inconvenient for the examiners to check. Whenever possible, write your answers in bullet points one below the other. Always write short paragraphs with just enough explanation of each point: not too much, not too little. Many of our professors who have also been board moderators say that this single mistake can cause good students to lose up to 4-5 marks in the paper. Make sure you do not make this mistake.
7. DRAW SIMPLE & NEAT DIAGRAM
The goal of drawing a diagram in any SSC paper is to show the examiner that you know the name and location of various parts. Many students lose marks because their diagrams are too complicated. A simple, clear diagram that you can draw in a minute or two is much better than an artistic diagram with too much detail. The labeling must be in FULL CAPS and the diagram should have a Title.
8. RECHECK YOUR PAPER PERFECTLY
Examiners don’t read 100% of your paper, word-by-word; they look for the keywords. Many times under exam pressure while writing fast, we may skip writing few keywords in some answers even though we know them. Carefully rechecking your paper is the ONLY way you can spot errors and rectify them.
9. ATTEMPT OPTIONAL QUESTION
Year after year, many students leave the examination hall before time. Since there are no marks for leaving early, its better to attempt extra questions so that in case you miss out a point in one question you can make it up in another. Attempting extra questions is a good strategy employed by top ranking students year after year but this has to be done only if you are left with time after completely re-checking your paper.
10. GET READY TO SUBMIT
After tying your papers neatly, and thoroughly rechecking your paper you can further improve it by drawing neat lines between two answers, underlining the important sentences etc. Adding the final touches should only be done if you are left with time after completely rechecking your paper. This will definitely add a nice feel to your SSC exam papers.
Remember, getting excited about writing your SSC papers will automatically improve your actual performance. So feel confident and write the PERFECT SSC papers that you can. Best Wishes for your academic success. All the best
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